翻訳と辞書
Words near each other
・ Stalk-eyed fly
・ Stalk-eyed mud crab
・ Stalked at 17
・ Stalked trumpet jelly
・ Stalker (1979 film)
・ Stalker (2010 film)
・ Stalker (2012 film)
・ Stalag VI-K
・ Stalag VII-A
・ Stalag VIII-A
・ Stalag VIII-B
・ Stalag VIII-C
・ Stalag VIII-D
・ Stalag VIII-E
・ Stalag VIII-F
Stalag X-B
・ Stalag XI-A
・ Stalag XI-B
・ Stalag XI-C
・ Stalag XIII-C
・ Stalag XIII-D
・ Stalag XVIII-A
・ Stalag XVIII-D
・ Stalag XX-A
・ Stalag XX-B
・ Stalag XXI-D
・ Stalagmia
・ Stalagmite
・ Stalagmites (fungus)
・ Stalagmocroca


Dictionary Lists
翻訳と辞書 辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ]
スポンサード リンク

Stalag X-B : ウィキペディア英語版
Stalag X-B

Stalag X-B was a World War II German Prisoner-of-war camp located near Sandbostel in Lower Saxony in north-western Germany. Between 1939 and 1945 several hundred thousand POWs of 55 nations passed through the camp. Due to the bad conditions in which they were housed, thousands died there of hunger, disease, or were killed by the guards. Estimates of the number of dead range from 8,000 to 50,000.
==Establishment and operation==
Sandbostel lies 9 km south of Bremervörde, 43 km northeast of Bremen. In what was then the Province of Hanover, the Lutheran Church of the State of Hanover opened a camp for out of work singles and employed them in public works (roadworks, amelioration) in 1932, during the Great Depression.
In 1933, the ''Reichsarbeitsdienst'' took over the camp and used it later as a Nazi internment camp for undesirables.
In August 1939, a commission of ''Heeresbauamt Bremen'' (military construction department) decided to create a ''Mannschafts-Stammlager'' (POW camp) for the local ''Wehrkreis X''. In September, construction of the camp began between the village of Sandbostel and the ''Arbeitsdienstlager'' in the Teufelsmoor. The latter area was now used as barracks to house the Wehrmacht guards.〔〔
Beginning in September 1939, Polish POWs were used to expand the camp. Initially, huts for around 10,000 prisoners were built. Once it began operating, the camp was divided into several sub-camps:〔
* a ''Stalag'' holding enlisted men from the occupied countries (Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Southeastern Europe and Italy after the armistice)
* an officers' camp ( ''Oflag'' ) for officers from the occupied countries. In 1941, this part of the camp was merged with Oflags elsewhere
* a ''Marinelager'' ( ''Marlag'' ), controlled by the Kriegsmarine, holding British sailors, marines and officers. In the fall of 1941, this part of the camp was moved to Westertimke
* an ''Internierungslager'' ( ''Ilag'' ), or internment camp for civilian citizens of enemy nations, including members of the British merchant marine. This section was also moved in 1941 to Westertimke〔 (see: Marlag und Milag Nord)
At first, prisoners were housed in tents, but from spring 1940 inmates constructed masonry huts. Later, prefabricated wooded huts were added. By 1941, there were over 100 huts housing prisoners as well as latrines, kitchens, buildings for punishment confinement and the commandant's office. In addition, there was a hospital (''Reservelazarett X-B'') and a punishment work camp of two huts inside the moor.〔 By 1940, after the German victory over France, the camp was filled beyond capacity. Stalag X-B was then expanded to house a total of 30,000 prisoners.〔
From the fall of 1941, sections of the camp were cleared or moved to make room for Soviet prisoners taken during "Operation Barbarossa". The camp now administered hundreds of ''Arbeitskommandos'' each made up of around 30 forced labourers. These were supplied to local farmers and industry.〔〔
There was a clear hierarchy among prisoners. At the top were British and American POWs, generally treated correctly according to the Geneva Convention and receiving numerous aid packages from the International Red Cross. As a consequence, they were well-fed until the very end of the war, when transportation and supply links broke down. Prisoners from western Europe (French, Belgians) were also treated as POWs but received less outside help and were not as well-nourished. However, they were in contact with international help organisations. Serbian and Polish nationals were denied access to outside observers. Italians, who came here after September 1943, were deemed traitors by both the German guards and the other prisoners and were at the low end of the hierarchy. They were ill-fed and from the fall of 1944 forced to work with the Wehrmacht or be treated as civilian forced labour. Worst-off of all were the Soviet POWs. They were denied POW status, received no outside food, and were not allowed access to international observers. Guards had a special shoot-to-kill policy for them. Due to the ill-treatment of the Soviets and a lack of shelter, several epidemics broke out among them. Thousands of them died from disease, starvation and brutal treatment by guards. They were buried in mass graves on the camp graveyard (today's war cemetery).〔
Among the Italian prisoners, who were mostly soldiers who did not surrender to the German army after the Cassibile armistice, was journalist and writer Giovannino Guareschi, who wrote ''La favola di Natale'' ("A Christmas Fable") there on Christmas 1944. The Canadian Neurologist Charles Miller Fisher, who served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Canadian navy, was interned in this camp after being torpedoed and rescued by a German ship.
In August 1944, all POW camps were removed from Wehrmacht control and were assigned to Heinrich Himmler's ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS). Although this was without immediate consequences at Sandbostel, in January 1945 POWs were evacuated here from other camps closer to the frontline. In the final phase of the war, concentration camp prisoners were relocated to Sandbostel. Around 9,000 former inmates of Neuengamme concentration camp and its subcamps were transferred to Stalag X-B in April 1945.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kriegsgefangene im Stalag XB (German) )〕 They were housed in the former ''Marlag'' and guarded well but otherwise left to their own devices: they received no medical help despite rampant diseases, sanitary conditions were dire and the inmates went virtually without food. On 20 April, most of the SS members guarding that section of Stalag X-B marched out of the camp with several hundred prisoners. After that, the POWs were allowed to help the remaining former concentration camp inmates with some of their own food.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=KZ-Häftlinge im Stalag X B (German) )

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
ウィキペディアで「Stalag X-B」の詳細全文を読む



スポンサード リンク
翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース

Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.